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GIS 数据转换：GDAL 实现将 CSV 转换为 Shp 数据（一）

✇掘金 前端
GIS之路

前言

❝

CSV 作为一种以逗号分隔符存储文本数据格式，可以很方便的存储点数据。在 GIS 开发中，经常需要进行数据的转换处理，其中常见的便是将 CSV 转换为 Shp数据进行展示。

本篇教程在之前一系列文章的基础上讲解

  • 1、GDAL 简介[1]
  • 2、GDAL 下载安装[2]
  • 3、GDAL 开发起步[3]

如果你还没有看过，建议从以上内容开始。

1. 开发环境

本文使用如下开发环境，以供参考。

时间：2025年

系统：Windows 11

Python：3.11.7

GDAL：3.11.1

2. 导入依赖

CSV作为一种矢量数据格式，可以使用矢量库OGR进行处理，以实现CSV数据从文本格式转换为Shp格式。其中还涉及坐标定义，所以还需要引入osr模块。

from osgeo import ogr,osr
import os
import csv

3. 创建字符编码文件

定义一个方法CreateCpgFile2Encode用于创建Shapefile数据字符编码文件。由于属性数据在读取、写入过程中经常会出现中文乱码问题，所以创建一个.cpg文件用于指定字符编码。

"""
说明：创建.cpg文件指定字符编码
参数：
    -shpPath：Shp文件路径
    -encoding：Shp文件字符编码
"""
def CreateCpgFile2Encode(shpPath,encoding):
    fileName = os.path.splitext(shpPath)[0]
    cpgFile = fileName + ".cpg"

    with open(cpgFile,"w",encoding=encoding) as f:
        f.write(encoding)
        print(f"成功创建编码文件: {cpgFile}")

4. 数据转换

定义一个方法Csv2Shp(csvPath,shpPath,lonField="longitude",latField="latitude",encoding="UTF-8")用于将CSV数据转换为Shp数据。


"""
说明：将CSV文件转换为Shapfile文件
参数：
    -csvPath：CSV文件路径
    -shpPath：Shp文件路径
    -lonField：经度字段
    -latField：纬度字段
    -encoding：CSV 文件编码
"""
def Csv2Shp(csvPath,shpPath,lonField="longitude",latField="latitude",encoding="UTF-8"):

在进行CSV数据格式转换之前，需要检查数据路径是否存在。

# 检查文件是否存在
if os.path.exists(csvPath):
    print("CSV 文件存在。")
else:
    print("CSV 文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
    return

通过GetDriverByName获取Shp数据驱动，并使用os.path.exists方法检查Shp文件是否已经创建，如果存在则将其删除。

# 注册所有驱动
ogr.RegisterAll()

# 添加Shp数据源
shpDriver = ogr.GetDriverByName('ESRI Shapefile')

if os.path.exists(shpPath):
    try:
        shpDriver.DeleteDataSource(shpPath)
        print("文件已删除！")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"文件删除出错：{e}")
        return False

接着创建Shp数据源和空间参考，数据坐标系这里定义为4326。

# 创建Shp数据源
shpDataSource = shpDriver.CreateDataSource(shpPath)
if shpDataSource is None:
    print("无法创建Shp数据源，请检查文件！")
    return false
# 创建空间参考
srs = osr.SpatialReference()
srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326)

然后使用CreateLayer方法创建一个点图层，读取CSV行数据，并且将属性字段名称、属性字段值以及几何对象写入Shapefile文件，在数据读取完成之后调用CreateCpgFile2Encode方法创建字符编码文件。

# 创建点图层
layer = shpDataSource.CreateLayer("points",srs,ogr.wkbPoint)

# 读取 CSV 并创建字段
try:
    with open(csvPath,"r",encoding=encoding) as CsvFile:
        reader = csv.DictReader(CsvFile)

        fieldnames  = reader.fieldnames 

        # 创建属性字段
        fieldObj = {}

        for field in fieldnames:
            if field not in [lonField, latField]:
                # 创建字段定义
                fieldDefn = ogr.FieldDefn(field, ogr.OFTString)
                fieldDefn.SetWidth(254)
                # 直接创建字段，不要存储 FieldDefn 对象
                layer.CreateField(fieldDefn)

        CsvFile.seek(0)
        # 跳过标题行，重新开始读取
        next(reader)

        # 添加要素
        featureCount = 0
        for row in reader:
            try:
                lon = float(row[lonField])
                lat = float(row[latField])
            except (ValueError,KeyError):
                continue

            # 创建要素
            feature = ogr.Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn())

            # 设置属性
            for field in fieldnames:
                if field not in [lonField, latField]:
                    feature.SetField(field, str(row[field]))

            # 创建几何
            point = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
            point.AddPoint(lon,lat)
            feature.SetGeometry(point)

            # 保存要素
            layer.CreateFeature(feature)
            feature = None
            featureCount += 1
        print(f"成功转换【{featureCount}】个要素")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"转换过程出错：{e}")
    return False
finally:
    shpDataSource = None
    CreateCpgFile2Encode(shpPath,"UTF-8")

return True

程序执行成功显示如下：

5. 完整代码

注：请将数据路径替换为自己的实际路径，并更换目标字符编码

from osgeo import ogr,osr
import os
import csv

# 启用异常处理（推荐）
ogr.UseExceptions()

# 设置Shapefile的编码为GBK
# os.environ['SHAPE_ENCODING'] = "UTF-8"
os.environ['SHAPE_ENCODING'] = "ISO-8859-1"

# 如果是通过 pip 安装的，可能需要找到对应位置
os.environ['PROJ_LIB'] = r'D:ProgramsPythonPython311Libsite-packagesosgeodataproj'

"""
说明：将CSV文件转换为Shapfile文件
参数：
    -csvPath：CSV文件路径
    -shpPath：Shp文件路径
    -lonField：经度字段
    -latField：纬度字段
    -encoding：CSV 文件编码
"""
def Csv2Shp(csvPath,shpPath,lonField="longitude",latField="latitude",encoding="UTF-8"):
    # 检查文件是否存在
    if os.path.exists(csvPath):
        print("CSV 文件存在。")
    else:
        print("CSV 文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
        return

    # 注册所有驱动
    ogr.RegisterAll()

    # 添加Shp数据源
    shpDriver = ogr.GetDriverByName('ESRI Shapefile')
    if os.path.exists(shpPath):
        try:
            shpDriver.DeleteDataSource(shpPath)
            print("文件已删除！")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"文件删除出错：{e}")
            return False

    # 创建Shp数据源
    shpDataSource = shpDriver.CreateDataSource(shpPath)
    if shpDataSource is None:
        print("无法创建Shp数据源，请检查文件！")
        return false

    # 创建空间参考
    srs = osr.SpatialReference()
    srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326)

    # 创建点图层
    layer = shpDataSource.CreateLayer("points",srs,ogr.wkbPoint)

    # 读取 CSV 并创建字段
    try:
        with open(csvPath,"r",encoding=encoding) as CsvFile:
            reader = csv.DictReader(CsvFile)

            fieldnames  = reader.fieldnames 

            # 创建属性字段
            fieldObj = {}

            for field in fieldnames:
                if field not in [lonField, latField]:
                    # 创建字段定义
                    fieldDefn = ogr.FieldDefn(field, ogr.OFTString)
                    fieldDefn.SetWidth(254)
                    # 直接创建字段，不要存储 FieldDefn 对象
                    layer.CreateField(fieldDefn)

            CsvFile.seek(0)
            # 跳过标题行，重新开始读取
            next(reader)

            # 添加要素
            featureCount = 0
            for row in reader:
                try:
                    lon = float(row[lonField])
                    lat = float(row[latField])
                except (ValueError,KeyError):
                    continue

                # 创建要素
                feature = ogr.Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn())

                # 设置属性
                for field in fieldnames:
                    if field not in [lonField, latField]:
                        feature.SetField(field, str(row[field]))
                # 创建几何
                point = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
                point.AddPoint(lon,lat)
                feature.SetGeometry(point)

                # 保存要素
                layer.CreateFeature(feature)
                feature = None
                featureCount += 1
            print(f"成功转换【{featureCount}】个要素")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"转换过程出错：{e}")
        return False
    finally:
        shpDataSource = None
        CreateCpgFile2Encode(shpPath,"UTF-8")

    return True

"""
说明：创建.cpg文件指定字符编码
参数：
    -shpPath：Shp文件路径
    -encoding：Shp文件字符编码
"""
def CreateCpgFile2Encode(shpPath,encoding):
    fileName = os.path.splitext(shpPath)[0]
    cpgFile = fileName + ".cpg"

    with open(cpgFile,"w",encoding=encoding) as f:
        f.write(encoding)
        print(f"成功创建编码文件: {cpgFile}")

if __name__  == "__main__":

    csvPath = "E:\data\test_data\景点.csv"
    shpPath = "E:\data\test_data\景点.shp"

    lonField = "LNGQ"
    latField = "LATQ"

    encoding = "ISO-8859-1"
    # encoding = "UTF-8"

    Csv2Shp(csvPath,shpPath,lonField,latField,encoding)

❝

OpenLayers示例数据下载，请回复关键字：ol数据

全国信息化工程师－GIS 应用水平考试资料，请回复关键字：GIS考试

❝

【GIS之路】 已经接入了智能助手，欢迎关注，欢迎提问。

欢迎访问我的博客网站-长谈GIS：http://shanhaitalk.com

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GDAL 读取KML数据

✇掘金 前端
GIS之路

前言

❝

KML是一种基于XML的地理数据格式，最初有Keyhole公司开发，后来被Google采用并成为OGC标准。在GIS开发中，属于一种重要的数据格式，使用GDAL读取KML数据，有助于认识、了解KML数据结构与特点，从而提高开发效率。

本篇教程在之前一系列文章的基础上讲解

  • GDAL 简介[1]
  • GDAL 下载安装[2]
  • GDAL 开发起步[3]

如果你还没有看过，建议从以上内容开始。

1. 开发环境

本文使用如下开发环境，以供参考。

时间：2025年

系统：Windows 11

Python：3.11.7

GDAL：3.11.1

2. 导入依赖

KML作为一种矢量数据格式，可以使用GDAL直接读取或者使用其矢量库OGR进行处理，以实现KML图层和属性数据读取。

from osgeo import ogr,gdal
import os

3. 读取KML数据

（一）使用GDAL读取

定义一个方法ReadKMLOfGDAL(kmlPath)用于读取KML数据，其中kmlPath为数据路径。在读取KML数据之前，需要检查数据路径是否存在。

# 检查文件是否存在
if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
    print("文件存在")
else:
    print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
    return

若KML数据路径正确，则可以使用OpenEx方法打开KML文件。需要判断KML数据集是否正常，若无法打开，则退出数据读取程序。

# 打开KML文件
dataset = gdal.OpenEx(kmlPath)
if dataset is None:
    print("KML 文件打开异常，请检查文件路径！")
    return

通过数据集方法GetLayerCount可以获取图层数量。

# 获取图层数量
layerCount = dataset.GetLayerCount()
print(f"图层数量：{layerCount}")

图层数量信息显示如下：

之后通过遍历图层获取图层字段数量、字段名称以及字段类型等信息，在输出结果中读取要素属性信息和几何对象并限制要素输出数量。

# 遍历图层
for i in range(layerCount):
    print(f"################开始打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")
    # 根据索引获取目标图层
    layer = dataset.GetLayerByIndex(i)
    # 获取图层名称
    layerName = layer.GetName()
    # 获取图层要素数量
    layerFeatureCount = layer.GetFeatureCount()

    print(f"图层名称：{layerName}")
    print(f"要素数量：{layerFeatureCount}")

    # 获取图层属性
    layerProperty = layer.GetLayerDefn()
    # 获取图层字段数量
    fieldCount = layerProperty.GetFieldCount()
    print(f"字段数量：{fieldCount}")

    # 获取字段信息
    for j in range(fieldCount):
        # 获取字段属性对象
        fieldProperty = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j)
        # 获取字段属性名称
        fieldName = fieldProperty.GetName()
        # 获取字段属性类型
        fieldType = fieldProperty.GetTypeName()

        print(f"第 【{j}】 个字段名称：{fieldName}，字段类型：{fieldType}")

    # 获取要素
    feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
    limitCount = 0

    # 限制打印前十个要素
    while feature and limitCount < 10:
        print(f"打印第【{limitCount+1}】个要素")
        # print(f"打印要素类型：{type(feature)},{feature}")

        # 读取要素属性
        for k in range(fieldCount):
            # 属性字段名
            fieldName = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j).GetName()
            # 属性字段值
            fieldValue = feature.GetField(k)
            # fieldValue = feature.GetField(fieldName)

            print(f"第 【{k}】 个字段名：{fieldName}，字段值：{fieldValue}")

        # 读取几何属性
        geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
        if geom:
            # 获取几何类型
            geomType = geom.GetGeometryName()
            # 获取WKT格式几何对象，打印前100个字符
            geomWKT = geom.ExportToWkt()[:100]

            print(f"第 【{limitCount}】 个几何对象类型：{geomType}，几何对象：{geomWKT}")

        feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
        limitCount += 1

    # 重置读取位置
    layer.ResetReading()

    print(f"n################结束打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")

图层要素属性信息显示如下：

（二）使用OGR读取

定义一个方法ReadKMLOfOGR(kmlPath)用于读取KML数据，其中kmlPath为数据路径。在读取KML数据之前，需要检查数据路径是否存在。

# 检查文件是否存在
if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
    print("文件存在")
else:
    print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
    return

若KML数据路径正确，则可以注册KML数据驱动用于读取KML数据，如使用RegisterAll方法注册所有矢量驱动。然后调用ogr对象Open方法打开KML数据源，若其不存在，则退出数据读取程序。

# 注册所有驱动
ogr.RegisterAll()

# 打开KML数据源
dataSource = ogr.Open(kmlPath)

# 检查数据源是否正常
if dataSource is None:
    print("文件打开出错，请重新选择文件！")
    return

之后通过遍历图层获取图层空间参考、字段名称以及字段类型等信息，在输出结果中读取要素属性信息。

# 遍历图层
for i in range(dataSource.GetLayerCount()):
    # 根据索引获取目标图层
    layer = dataSource.GetLayer(i)
    # 获取图层名称
    layerName = layer.GetName()
    print(f"第【{i}】个图层名称：{layerName}")

    # 获取空间参考
    spatialReference = layer.GetSpatialRef()
    if spatialReference:
        print(f"空间参考：{spatialReference.GetName()}")
    else:
        print(f"图层【{layerName}】空间参考不存在")

    # 读取几何属性
    for feature in layer:
        # 读取几何属性
        geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
        if geom:
            # 获取四至范围
            envelope = geom.GetEnvelope()
            print(f"几何范围：{envelope}")

        # 读取要素属性
        for field in feature.keys():
            # 获取属性字段值
            fieldValue = feature.GetField(field)
            print(f"属性字段名称：{field}，属性字段值：{fieldValue}")

# 关闭数据源
dataSource = None        

图层要素属性信息显示如下：

4. 注意事项

注1：数据路径读取异常

在windows系统中建议使用"\"定义数据路径。

注2：中文数据读取异常（中文乱码）

在GIS开发中，涉及属性数据读取时经常会遇到中文乱码问题，需要根据图层编码设置正确的字符集。

# 设置Shapefile的编码为GBK
os.environ['SHAPE_ENCODING'] = "GBK"

注3：代码运行异常

需要开启代码异常处理

# 启用异常处理（推荐）
ogr.UseExceptions()

注4：坐标读取异常

在读取坐标参考时报错已安装PostgreSQL数据库中的投影文件版本与GDAL中的投影文件不兼容，此时需要为GDAL单独指定投影文件，在代码开头添加以下代码指定目标投影文件路径。

# 找到proj文件路径
os.environ['PROJ_LIB'] = r'D:\Programs\Python\Python311\Lib\site-packages\osgeo\data\proj'

5. 完整代码

from osgeo import ogr,gdal
import os

# 如果是通过 pip 安装的，可能需要找到对应位置
os.environ['PROJ_LIB'] = r'D:ProgramsPythonPython311Libsite-packagesosgeodataproj'

# 设置Shapefile的编码为GBK
os.environ['SHAPE_ENCODING'] = "GBK"

# 启用异常处理（推荐）
ogr.UseExceptions()

# 注册所有驱动
ogr.RegisterAll()

"""
使用GDAL读取KML数据
"""
def ReadKMLOfGDAL(kmlPath):

    # 检查文件是否存在
    if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
        print("文件存在")
    else:
        print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
        return

    # 打开KML文件
    dataset = gdal.OpenEx(kmlPath)
    if dataset is None:
        print("KML 文件打开异常，请检查文件路径！")
        return

    # 获取图层数量
    layerCount = dataset.GetLayerCount()
    print(f"图层数量：{layerCount}")

    # 遍历图层
    for i in range(layerCount):
        print(f"################开始打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")
        # 根据索引获取目标图层
        layer = dataset.GetLayerByIndex(i)
        # 获取图层名称
        layerName = layer.GetName()
        # 获取图层要素数量
        layerFeatureCount = layer.GetFeatureCount()

        print(f"图层名称：{layerName}")
        print(f"要素数量：{layerFeatureCount}")

        # 获取图层属性
        layerProperty = layer.GetLayerDefn()
        # 获取图层字段数量
        fieldCount = layerProperty.GetFieldCount()
        print(f"字段数量：{fieldCount}")

        # 获取字段信息
        for j in range(fieldCount):
            # 获取字段属性对象
            fieldProperty = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j)
            # 获取字段属性名称
            fieldName = fieldProperty.GetName()
            # 获取字段属性类型
            fieldType = fieldProperty.GetTypeName()

            print(f"第 【{j}】 个字段名称：{fieldName}，字段类型：{fieldType}")

        # 获取要素
        feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
        limitCount = 0

        # 限制打印前十个要素
        while feature and limitCount < 10:
            print(f"打印第【{limitCount+1}】个要素")
            # print(f"打印要素类型：{type(feature)},{feature}")

            # 读取要素属性
            for k in range(fieldCount):
                # 属性字段名
                fieldName = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j).GetName()
                # 属性字段值
                fieldValue = feature.GetField(k)
                # fieldValue = feature.GetField(fieldName)

                print(f"第 【{k}】 个字段名：{fieldName}，字段值：{fieldValue}")

            # 读取几何属性
            geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
            if geom:
                # 获取几何类型
                geomType = geom.GetGeometryName()
                # 获取WKT格式几何对象，打印前100个字符
                geomWKT = geom.ExportToWkt()[:100]

                print(f"第 【{limitCount}】 个几何对象类型：{geomType}，几何对象：{geomWKT}")

            feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
            limitCount += 1

        # 重置读取位置
        layer.ResetReading()

        print(f"n################结束打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")

"""
使用OGR读取KML数据
"""
def ReadKMLOfOGR(kmlPath):

    # 检查文件是否存在
    if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
        print("文件存在")
    else:
        print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
        return
    # 注册所有驱动
    ogr.RegisterAll()

    # 打开KML数据源
    dataSource = ogr.Open(kmlPath)

    # 检查数据源是否正常
    if dataSource is None:
        print("文件打开出错，请重新选择文件！")
        return

    # 遍历图层
    for i in range(dataSource.GetLayerCount()):
        # 根据索引获取目标图层
        layer = dataSource.GetLayer(i)
        # 获取图层名称
        layerName = layer.GetName()
        print(f"第【{i}】个图层名称：{layerName}")

        # 获取空间参考
        spatialReference = layer.GetSpatialRef()
        if spatialReference:
            print(f"空间参考：{spatialReference.GetName()}")
        else:
            print(f"图层【{layerName}】空间参考不存在")

        # 读取几何属性
        for feature in layer:
            # 读取几何属性
            geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
            if geom:
                # 获取四至范围
                envelope = geom.GetEnvelope()
                print(f"几何范围：{envelope}")

            # 读取要素属性
            for field in feature.keys():
                # 获取属性字段值
                fieldValue = feature.GetField(field)
                print(f"属性字段名称：{field}，属性字段值：{fieldValue}")

    # 关闭数据源
    dataSource = None        

if __name__ == "__main__":

    # 数据路径
    kmlPath = "E:\data\test_data\四姑娘山三峰.kml"

    # GDAL读取KML数据
    ReadKMLOfGDAL(kmlPath)

    # OGR读取KML数据
    ReadKMLOfOGR(kmlPath)

6. KML示例数据

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2">
  <Document>
    <name>Track 登顶四姑娘山三峰 :wikiloc.com</name>
    <visibility>1</visibility>
    <LookAt>
      <longitude>102.8793075</longitude>
      <latitude>31.0426283</latitude>
      <altitude>0</altitude>
      <heading>3</heading>
      <tilt>66</tilt>
      <range>15000</range>
    </LookAt>
    <StyleMap id="m1367020">
      <Pair>
        <key>normal</key>
        <styleUrl>#n1367020</styleUrl>
      </Pair>
      <Pair>
        <key>highlight</key>
        <styleUrl>#h1367020</styleUrl>
      </Pair>
    </StyleMap>
    <Style id="h1367020">
      <IconStyle>
        <Icon>
          <href>http://s1.wklcdn.com/wikiloc/images/pictograms/ge/1.png</href>
        </Icon>
      </IconStyle>
      <BalloonStyle>
        <text>$[description]</text>
      </BalloonStyle>
    </Style>
    <Style id="lineStyle">
      <LineStyle>
        <color>f03399ff</color>
        <width>4</width>
      </LineStyle>
    </Style>
    <Style id="n1367020">
      <LabelStyle>
        <scale>0</scale>
      </LabelStyle>
      <BalloonStyle>
        <text>$[description]</text>
      </BalloonStyle>
      <Icon>
        <href>http://s1.wklcdn.com/wikiloc/images/pictograms/ge/1.png</href>
      </Icon>
    </Style>
    <Style id="waypointStyle">
      <IconStyle>
        <Icon>
          <href>http://sc.wklcdn.com/wikiloc/images/pictograms/ge/wpt.png</href>
        </Icon>
      </IconStyle>
      <BalloonStyle>
        <text>$[description]</text>
      </BalloonStyle>
    </Style>
    <Folder>
      <name>Trails</name>
      <visibility>1</visibility>
      <Folder>
        <name>登顶四姑娘山三峰</name>
        <visibility>1</visibility>
        <Placemark>
          <name>Path</name>
          <visibility>1</visibility>
          <LookAt>
            <longitude>102.8862617</longitude>
            <latitude>31.052715</latitude>
            <altitude>0</altitude>
            <heading>0</heading>
            <tilt>0.00779126500014642</tilt>
            <range>5250.96911517065</range>
          </LookAt>
          <Style>
            <IconStyle>
              <color>ffffffff</color>
              <scale>1</scale>
              <Icon>
                <href/>
              </Icon>
            </IconStyle>
            <LabelStyle>
              <color>ffffffff</color>
              <scale>1</scale>
            </LabelStyle>
            <LineStyle>
              <color>f00000ff</color>
              <width>4</width>
            </LineStyle>
            <PolyStyle>
              <color>ffffffff</color>
              <fill>1</fill>
              <outline>1</outline>
            </PolyStyle>
          </Style>
          <LineString>
            <altitudeMode>clampToGround</altitudeMode>
            <coordinates>
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            </coordinates>
          </LineString>
        </Placemark>
      </Folder>
    </Folder>
  </Document>
</kml>

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